Which economist argued that population growth would eventually outstrip food supply?

• A. Adam Smith
• B. Thomas Malthus
• C. David Ricardo
• D. Robert Owen

Answer: (B)

Thomas Malthus is known for his theory that population growth would eventually exceed the capacity of food supply, leading to widespread famine and hardship. In his seminal work, "An Essay on the Principle of Population," published in 1798, Malthus argued that while population tends to grow geometrically, food production grows arithmetically. This perspective suggests that if left unchecked, populations would inevitably face crises due to insufficient resources.

Malthus believed that several factors, including famine, disease, and war, would serve as checks on population growth, preventing it from surpassing the available food supply. This theory had a profound impact on economic thought, influencing later philosophers and economists who discussed population issues in relation to resource distribution and economic policies. His views prompted ongoing discussions about sustainability and the limits of growth, which remain relevant even today.

Other economists mentioned, like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Robert Owen, contributed to economic theory but did not focus on the population-food supply relationship in the specific manner that Malthus did. Smith is primarily associated with the ideas of free markets, Ricardo discussed comparative advantage, and Owen was known for his work in socialism and reforming working conditions, rather than population dynamics.